The US dollar rose for a fourth consecutive session on Tuesday, supported by higher oil prices as escalating tensions in the Middle East fueled concerns that inflationary pressures could persist for longer.

The US Dollar Index, which measures the greenback against a basket of major currencies, gained 0.17% to 101.16.

The euro fell 0.11% to $1.1402, while the British pound declined 0.39% to $1.3376, marking its fourth consecutive daily loss, according to Reuters data.

The Japanese yen also weakened 0.41% to ¥163.14 per dollar, trading beyond the 163 level for the first time since December 1986 as investors watched for any signs of intervention by Japanese authorities to support the currency.

Currency markets remained focused on escalating geopolitical risks in the Middle East, where continued military confrontations have pushed oil prices higher, raising concerns over global energy supplies and the persistence of inflationary pressures.

The dollar's gains followed a ninth consecutive night of US airstrikes on Iran, reinforcing demand for the greenback as one of the market's preferred safe-haven assets during periods of heightened geopolitical uncertainty.

Gold prices rose in European trading on Wednesday, extending gains for a second consecutive session to reach their highest level in two weeks, supported by strong demand from retail investors and a pause in the US dollar’s recent advance against a basket of currencies.

The continued surge in global oil prices to fresh six-week highs has renewed concerns about inflationary pressures facing Federal Reserve policymakers and strengthened expectations that US interest rates could be raised this year.

The Price

• Gold prices rose 1.6% to $4,141.73 an ounce, the highest level since July 7, after opening at $4,077.55. They touched an intraday low of $4,076.87.

• Gold settled 1.75% higher on Tuesday, recording its second gain in three sessions as prices recovered from a two-week low of $3,959.72 an ounce.

US dollar

The US Dollar Index fell more than 0.2% on Wednesday, retreating from a one-week high amid correction and profit-taking, reflecting a pause in the US currency’s advance against a basket of major currencies.

A weaker US dollar makes dollar-denominated gold more attractive to buyers holding other currencies.

Global oil prices

Oil prices rose more than 4% on Wednesday, extending gains for a second consecutive session to reach six-week highs as concerns over supply disruptions in the Middle East intensified amid continued military escalation between the United States and Iran, along with Houthi threats targeting Saudi-linked ships and oil tankers.

Iran conflict update

• The US military announced the completion of its eleventh consecutive night of airstrikes against Iranian military targets.

• The strikes targeted command centers, logistics facilities, drone storage sites, and naval equipment as part of efforts to protect international shipping through the Strait of Hormuz.

• Iran said it would continue its military response, including attacks on US military sites and bases across the region.

• US President Donald Trump warned that a suspected Iranian nuclear site in the Jabal Al-Fas area could soon face a major military strike.

• Tehran responded that any attack on its nuclear facilities would officially mark an expansion of the war across the entire region.

• Mediation efforts led by several regional parties, including Pakistan and Qatar, remain underway in search of a ceasefire, although no formal agreement or new truce has yet been announced.

US interest rates

• Cleveland Federal Reserve President Beth Hammack joined a growing number of policymakers arguing that further interest rate hikes may be necessary to bring persistent inflation under control.

• According to the CME FedWatch Tool, rising global oil prices have reduced the probability of the Federal Reserve leaving interest rates unchanged at its July meeting from 85% to 73%, while the probability of a 25-basis-point increase has risen from 15% to 27%.

• The probability of rates remaining unchanged at the Federal Reserve’s December meeting has fallen from 20% to 14%, while the probability of a 25-basis-point increase has risen from 80% to 86%.

• Investors are closely monitoring upcoming US economic data to reassess those expectations.

Gold outlook

Tim Waterer, chief market analyst at KCM Trade, said buyers had entered the market in search of attractive opportunities following the recent decline, while hopes for diplomatic progress between the United States and Iran were also supporting price movements.

SPDR Gold Trust

Holdings at the SPDR Gold Trust, the world’s largest gold-backed exchange-traded fund, increased by around 2.28 metric tons on Tuesday, marking a second consecutive daily rise.

Total holdings climbed to 1,005.87 metric tons, the highest level since June 25.

The British pound edged higher against a basket of major currencies in European trading on Wednesday, attempting to recover from a one-week low against the US dollar as the greenback eased slightly amid continued military exchanges between the United States and Iran.

The latest rise in global oil prices has renewed inflation concerns among Bank of England policymakers and strengthened expectations for a UK interest rate hike this year. Investors are awaiting key UK inflation data for June later today to reassess those expectations.

The Price

• The pound rose 0.1% against the US dollar to $1.3390, up from the opening level of $1.3375. It touched an intraday low of $1.3372.

• Sterling lost 0.4% against the dollar on Tuesday, marking its fourth consecutive daily decline, and fell to a one-week low of $1.3359. The currency came under pressure from continued military tensions between the United States and Iran, as well as comments from the new UK prime minister about allowing British bases to be used in US airstrikes on Iranian territory.

US dollar

The US Dollar Index fell around 0.1% on Wednesday, retreating from a one-week high amid correction and profit-taking, reflecting a slight slowdown in the US currency against a basket of major and minor peers.

Global oil prices

Oil prices rose more than 1% on Wednesday, extending gains for a second consecutive session to reach six-week highs as concerns over supply disruptions in the Middle East intensified amid continued military escalation between the United States and Iran, along with Houthi threats targeting Saudi-linked ships and oil tankers.

Iran conflict update

• The US military announced the completion of its eleventh consecutive night of airstrikes against Iranian military targets.

• The strikes targeted command centers, logistics facilities, drone storage sites, and naval equipment as part of efforts to protect international shipping through the Strait of Hormuz.

• Iran said it would continue its military response, including attacks on US military sites and bases across the region.

• US President Donald Trump warned that a suspected Iranian nuclear site in the Jabal Al-Fas area could soon face a major military strike.

• Tehran responded that any attack on its nuclear facilities would officially mark an expansion of the war across the entire region.

• Mediation efforts led by several regional parties, including Pakistan and Qatar, remain underway in search of a ceasefire, although no formal agreement or new truce has yet been announced.

UK interest rates

According to global interest rate futures markets, traders are currently pricing in around a 30% probability that the Bank of England will raise interest rates at its July meeting.

UK inflation data

Investors are awaiting key UK inflation data for June later today, which could reshape expectations for British interest rates and significantly influence the Bank of England's monetary policy outlook.

The headline Consumer Price Index is due at 06:00 GMT and is expected to rise 2.7% year-on-year in June, easing from 2.8% in May. Core inflation is forecast to slow to 2.5% from 2.6%.

Pound outlook

We expect that if UK inflation data comes in below market expectations, the probability of further Bank of England rate hikes this year will decline, adding renewed downward pressure on the British pound.

The Japanese yen edged lower against a basket of major and minor currencies during Asian trading on Wednesday, extending its losses for a third consecutive session against the US dollar after trading beyond the 163-per-dollar level for the first time since 1986. The move has fueled speculation that Japanese authorities are nearing another intervention to support the currency and curb its excessive weakness.

The rally in global oil prices to six-week highs, driven by concerns over supply disruptions in the Middle East, has also renewed fears of rising inflationary pressures in Japan. That has strengthened expectations that the Bank of Japan will continue tightening monetary policy, with markets increasingly pricing in another interest rate hike at its October meeting.

The Price

• The US dollar rose less than 0.1% against the yen to ¥163.22, after opening at ¥163.15. It touched an intraday low of ¥163.03.

• The yen ended Tuesday down 0.4% against the dollar after falling to a fresh 40-year low of ¥163.24, pressured by the continued military escalation between the United States and Iran.

Japanese authorities

The latest decline in the yen has once again brought the currency into sharp focus after it traded beyond the 163-per-dollar level for the first time since 1986, reinforcing expectations that Japanese authorities may intervene in the foreign exchange market.

Japanese Finance Minister Satsuki Katayama said the government "stands ready to take decisive action in the foreign exchange market if necessary," adding that officials are closely monitoring currency movements, while declining to comment on any specific exchange rate level.

Japan carried out its largest-ever currency market intervention in April and May after the dollar climbed above ¥160 against the yen.

However, the impact of those interventions gradually faded, while Japanese officials have recently toned down their public warnings, preferring the element of surprise to keep markets guessing.

The positive impact of earlier official comments suggesting that Japan's Government Pension Investment Fund could shift part of its overseas investments into domestic assets has also faded, with market attention returning to the possibility of direct yen-buying intervention by Japanese authorities.

Views and analysis

• HSBC analysts, led by Global Head of FX Research Paul Mackel, said in a report released last week that they believe Japan could intervene in the foreign exchange market again in the near future.

• The analysts added that any intervention is unlikely to have a lasting impact unless the Bank of Japan delivers several hawkish interest rate hikes, the Federal Reserve resumes cutting interest rates, or market sentiment toward Japan's fiscal outlook changes.

• They also said their base-case scenario is for the dollar-yen exchange rate to remain within a new, higher trading range of roughly ¥160 to ¥165 per dollar, with the upper end capped by periodic intervention from Japanese authorities while negative real interest rates in Japan continue to provide underlying support for the pair.

Global oil prices

Oil prices rose more than 1% on Wednesday, extending gains for a second consecutive session to reach six-week highs as concerns over supply disruptions in the Middle East intensified amid continued military escalation between the United States and Iran, along with Houthi threats targeting Saudi-linked ships and oil tankers.

Iran conflict update

• The US military announced the completion of its eleventh consecutive night of airstrikes against Iranian military targets.

• The strikes targeted command centers, logistics facilities, drone storage sites, and naval equipment as part of efforts to protect international shipping through the Strait of Hormuz.

• Iran said it would continue its military response, including attacks on US military sites and bases across the region.

• US President Donald Trump warned that a suspected Iranian nuclear site in the Jabal Al-Fas area could soon face a major military strike.

• Tehran responded that any attack on its nuclear facilities would officially mark an expansion of the war across the entire region.

• Mediation efforts led by several regional parties, including Pakistan and Qatar, remain underway in search of a ceasefire, although no formal agreement or new truce has yet been announced.

Japanese interest rates

• With global oil prices continuing to rise, markets have increased the probability of a 25-basis-point Bank of Japan rate hike at this month's meeting to above 35%.

• Markets are now pricing the probability of a quarter-point rate increase at the Bank of Japan's October meeting at more than 95%.

• Investors are awaiting additional Japanese inflation, employment, and wage data that could reshape expectations for the Bank of Japan's policy outlook.